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In other cases, parents have become so worried about skin cancer that they smother children in too much sunscreen when they do go outside, inadvertently increasing their risk of rickets, which is caused by vitamin D deficiency, doctors said.

The best source of vitamin D, which is essential for keeping bones and teeth healthy, is sun on the skin but it also occurs in some foods, such as oily fish and eggs, and is added to some items such as fat spreads and breakfast cereals.